Culture and the Myth of the Black Box

Culture tends to be something of an enigma in the study of companies. Everyone agrees over cocktails that culture is important and hopes their company has a “good” culture versus a “bad” culture. For all of its implied significance, however, cultural change tends to rate alongside tarot card reading and astrology in terms of credibility. It lurks in the unfortunate category of “soft” issues that … [ Read more ]

Punching In:The Unauthorized Adventures of a Front-line Employee

Curious to know just what happens behind the “employees only” doors of big companies, journalist Alex Frankel embarked on an undercover reporting project to find out how some of America’s well-known companies win the hearts and minds of their retail and service employees. Frankel knew the only way to find answers was to go native.

During a two-year urban adventure through the world of commerce, Frankel … [ Read more ]

How to be a good boss in a bad economy

When cutbacks are necessary, can a good boss do right by the company’s finances and by its staff? Some pain is probably unavoidable, but Stanford management science and engineering Professor Bob Sutton says that psychological and organization theory research suggests clear ways to handle such situations with a minimum of harm to the people and company involved.

Dan Ariely

We’re incredibly good at telling ourselves stories, and these help us feel as if we are honest even when we act dishonestly.

David K. Hurst, Jerome Bruner

Psychologist Jerome Bruner contends that individual learning requires the construction of a mental model of reality to make meaning of our lives. In Actual Minds, PossibleWorlds (Harvard University Press, 1987), he suggested that there were two complementary ways of building such models. The first is the narrative method, or the telling of stories, and the second is the paradigmatic method, or the formation of logical … [ Read more ]

Sally Helgesen

An organization’s conception of human capital is manifest in its culture, and culture is inculcated by process and behavior guidelines that are passed along as one employee imitates another. The process is most effective when the capacity for self-expression in the ranks is consonant with expectations set at the top and an autonomous spirit flourishes.

Ikujiro Nonaka

Why is ultimately a question of purpose: Why do we exist? In most organizations, people are not encouraged to keep asking questions. As a result, people resign themselves to living with difficulties that they could actually resolve if they had a way to frame their knowledge within a larger solution.

Was there Really a Hawthorne Effect at the Hawthorne Plant? An Analysis of the Original Illumination Experiments

The “Hawthorne effect,” a concept familiar to all students of social science, has had a profound influence both on the direction and design of research over the past 75 years. The Hawthorne effect is named after a landmark set of studies conducted at the Hawthorne plant in the 1920s. The first and most influential of these studies is known as the “Illumination Experiment.” Both academics … [ Read more ]

Hierarchies for Flow and Profit

Businesspeople are mostly in the dark about how their organizational design — the “lines and boxes” signifying reporting relationships in a hierarchy — should be arranged. But most businesspeople can tell when it’s working and when it’s not, because they know when they’re in the “flow zone.” A number of researchers, most prom­inently the psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, have identified the value of flow, the state … [ Read more ]

Pay, Motivation, And Performance Management

Ever since companies decided that maybe they should measure how their workers are doing and give the better performers a raise, employers have married employee performance appraisals with annual salary reviews.

Within a short period of time, the argument began over whether the two should be linked and, if so, to what extent. One facet of that ongoing debate is whether the size of pay increase … [ Read more ]

Rick Lash

Self-image at work is a critical and often overlooked factor in the process of change. People change jobs and careers, but rarely do they think about changing their self-image. Perhaps that’s because self-image operates just below awareness, but still colors our perceptions, emotions and actions. Leaders who are not conscious of this fact tend to cling to their old self-image that keeps them from changing. … [ Read more ]

Diverse Backgrounds and Personalities Can Strengthen Groups

Groups with diverse functional expertise, education, or personality can increase performance by enhancing creativity or group problem-solving. In contrast, more visible diversity, such as race, gender, or age, can have negative effects unless it’s managed properly, says Stanford Business School Professor Margaret Neale.

Amartya Sen

Even though people seek trade because of self-interest…nevertheless an economy can operate effectively only on the basis of trust among different parties.

J. Ruth Gendler

Power made me a coat. For a long time I kept it in the back of my closet. I didn’t like to wear it much but I always took good care of it. When I first started wearing it again, it smelled like mothballs. As I wore it more, it started fitting better, and stopped smelling like mothballs.

I was afraid if I wore the coat … [ Read more ]

Viktor E. Frankl

Between stimulus and response, there is a space. In that space lies our freedom and power to choose our response. In our response lies our growth and our happiness.

The Root Causes of Unethical Behavior: Psychological Traps That Everyone Falls Prey to

Business literature is replete with stories of unethical behavior in executive suites and board rooms, yet everyone is potentially capable of falling into the same traps. With a little insight into the psychological traps that increase the probability that individuals will behave unethically, perhaps such behavior can be curbed. To date, the authors have delineated a total of 45 traps, including “Obedience to Authority,” “Need … [ Read more ]

Erika Andersen

And the antidote to fear? Pull people out of their panic and self-protective impulses by first acknowledging the difficulties, then raising their eyes and hearts to a possibility of success.

At that point you can take advantage of their newly available and hopeful energy to make that possibility a reality.

Charles Jacobs

Because a story is not an argument, it doesn’t summon up reason in defense. Stories ask only that we entertain them, and when we do, we rehearse the view of the world they embody. If we fnd it more attractive or a better ft with our experience, we adopt it. Because stories are experiences, they address both the intellect and emotions that drive our decision-making.

Sociologists … [ Read more ]

Charles Jacobs

Rather than attempt to manage behavior with reasons or rewards, we’ll be more effective if we manage the ideas that drive behavior. As one experiment has shown, an idea can change not just how we think, but how we feel. Subjects were shown a picture of a woman crying and brain scans showed enhanced activity in the emotion-generating amygdala. But when the researchers changed the … [ Read more ]