John Sculley [Archive.org URL]

There is one thing that every large organization has in common no matter what industry they’re in and that’s middle managers empowered with the authority to say no. And middle managers are typically measured on keeping everything going, not saying yes to change. This is true at old companies that have been around for 100 years. It is true at large tech companies like Apple or Microsoft or Google. All large successful companies ultimately fall into the middle management trap, which makes it next to impossible to get new ideas approved. That’s one reasons why so much innovation is getting done in newer companies.

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