Eric J. McNulty

People tend not to factor their own ignorance into their decisions. Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman described this phenomenon as “WYSIATI,” or “what you see is all there is.” My colleagues and I developed an antidote to this called driving to the known, which plots knowledge along two axes: what you know and what can be known. Confirmed facts are what you know. The questions you know to ask are what you know you don’t know. Simply articulating this second category gives more nuance to your understanding. Then, go deeper by getting curious. Reach for hidden knowledge that someone else, such as a subject matter expert, might know. Finally, articulate what cannot be known, such as the exact date that herd immunity to the coronavirus will be achieved. These four categories of knowledge will push the boundaries of your thinking.

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